The propagation delay is 0.16 ns/in. Inductance is represented by L and its unit is Henry per unit length of the conductor.It is basically present between the conducting wires and is represented by G. Its unit is mho per unit length of the conductor.So, the four parameters of a transmission line are represented as R, L, C and G.A transmission line that allows the propagation of electrical waves is assumed to be uniform as well as symmetrical in nature so as to have a convenient transmission.So, basically, there exist 2 electrical properties of any symmetrical network.Suppose an electrical wave is travelling from one end to another through a uniform as well as a lossless transmission line. Rules Of Thumb For Choosing Between Lumped And Distributed Types OrCAD provides the following RC lumped models in the transmission line library:  Grounds can be used as “barriers” between asynchronous signals. We use a 2-D finite-element field solver to obtain the capacitance and inductance matrix: 4, pp. Terms of the inductance matrix L are described by For coax inductance and capacitance per unit length can be treated as frequency independent. The distributed lossy transmission line model allows R and G to depend on frequency, but not L. The best solution is to pick the value of L for the frequencies of interest. In radio-frequency applications up to a few gigahertz, the wave propagates in the transverseelectric and magnetic mode (TEM) only, which means that the electric and magnetic fields are both perpendicular to the direction of propagation (the e… Current density continuously increases from the conductor center to its surface. The voltage reflection coefficient, (Z1-Z0)/(Z1+Z0) is a measure of this mismatch: Here is complex frequency (the Laplace variable). At the source end of the passive line, the current due to CM and the current due to LM are additive. The functions supported by PSpice’s analog behavioral modeling expressions allow models to be created for a large variety of geometries, including coaxial, paired, coplanar, microstrip, stripline, inverted microstrip, and low order modes of waveguides. Where C is capacitance per unit length, w is the angular frequency, and tanj is a dielectric material coefficient known as the “loss tangent”. Transmission lines that are lossless, that is R=G=0, are termed ideal transmission lines. ), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994. Results may be inaccurate for G/C > 1e10.© Copyright 2016 Cadence Design Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. The resistance per unit length becomes: The following methods have been used successfully: Each transmission line should be modeled as simply as possible, for faster simulation speed. This cable is better matched to the PCBs, but is more expensive. To model STP for differential driving, a multiconductor transmission line is needed. This frequency effect can often be neglected in models, and can lead to non-causality. Crosstalk is undesired energy imparted to a transmission line due to signals in adjacent lines. Micro strip 5. For frequency independent R and G, OrCAD PSpice calculates closed form impulse responses [1]. These are also used in stub filters, in stub matching technique and in voltage transformer. Transmission lines are used for varied applications, including: Sometimes odd and even mode impedances are provided rather than the inductance and capacitance matrices.

* Subckt version uses fixed frequency, frq, to model simple lossy line If an impulse response is partially non-causal, PSpice will write a message to the output file: Coupled lines may also be parameterized by their geometry. Where d is the diameter of the conductor, and s is the separation between wire centers. line, it is invariant with respect to time and position on the line: (a) (b) Fig. The ECL clock will be routed on an outer layer of a PCB (microstrip) with the following properties: .subckt RG6A/U     A1  A2  B1  B2 params: frq=100Meg len=1 OrCAD provides both ideal and lossy distributed models:

An 8 Lump RLCG model can be used  such as TLUMP8. Where C is capacitance per unit length, w is the angular frequency, and tanf is a dielectric material coefficient (“loss tangent”).

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